Ask 10 totally different individuals to outline a decentralized autonomous group (DAO), and also you’ll doubtless get 10 totally different definitions. However there may be a minimum of one factor most agree on: DAO governance is a multitude. At finest, it’s an experiment within the works.
In line with DeepDAO, DAOs as we speak deal with a whopping $17.2 billion in worth. But many DAOs managing thousands and thousands of {dollars} have confirmed hopeless at heeding even essentially the most fundamental of classes in enterprise administration 101. One doesn’t should look too far within the annals of crypto historical past to recall main DAO catastrophes.
Recall Wonderland DAO, an Olympus fork that birthed arguably some of the infamous scandals in DAO historical past. At its peak, Wonderland loved a close to $2 billion in whole worth locked, which got here to a skidding halt in January 2022 when its treasury supervisor — who glided by the pseudonym 0xSifu — turned out to be none aside from Michael Patryn, co-founder of the failed crypto trade QuadrigaCX and a convicted prison for monetary fraud.
Or contemplate a newer exploit with the Solana-based buying and selling protocol Mango Markets. In October, attackers exploited the DAO’s loosely ruled parameters to amass a disproportionate chunk of the DAO’s MNGO tokens. In an absurd flip of occasions, the attacker proceeded to suggest on governance boards a proposal to return half their heist in trade for the DAO to not prosecute him, then voted “Sure” on it with the stolen tokens. The vote ultimately failed, however Mango nonetheless ended up paying off $47 million to the attacker.
Case research of DAO failures aren’t unique to outrageous one-off spectacles like those above. Regardless of the Libertarian rhetoric of self-sovereignty and self-custody, dozens of DAOs that saved their monies on centralized exchanges additionally noticed their treasuries implode in the course of the carnage of 2022’s blow-ups like FTX.
The reality is, DAO governance isn’t straightforward. Founders should stability a mess of priorities, like fixing voter apathy, committing to decentralization and product market match. A “finest practices” handbook doesn’t exist, and the place there may be one, it’s not broadly shared.
The excellent news? Die-hard DAOists are exhausting at work to rid these issues, one experiment at a time.
The issue of voter apathy
Take voter apathy, as an example, arguably DAO governance’s most widespread drawback. As a “decentralized” neighborhood, tokenholders should vote in the event that they need resilient protocols. However token holders don’t vote as a result of it takes time. When voters do flip up on the voting sales space, or Snapshot, they lack the experience or context to make an knowledgeable determination. Worse nonetheless, voters who care could not even concentrate on a vote till it’s over.
To fight voter apathy, a burgeoning panorama of DAO infrastructure instruments has been growing instruments to streamline DAO voting into one-stop platforms. Merchandise akin to Senate and Goverland try to combination governance proposals throughout dozens of DAOs with direct integration on fashionable voting platforms, akin to Snapshot and Tally.
Senate founder Paulo Fonseca tells Journal, “At current, it’s cumbersome for many DAOs to see off-chain and on-chain voting individually on totally different platforms. One in every of our product’s key value-adds is solely for customers to devour all the knowledge on one web page.”
As a result of governance proposals usually open to vote for a restricted period, Goverland, in flip, is placing a robust emphasis on cellular integration so voters are notified in time. “All of it begins with an in-time notification. With cellular, it’s way more handy to assist enhance voter participation,” Goverland founder Andrey Scherbovich tells Journal.
Others imagine that for DAO governance to enhance, it must transcend pure token-based voting based mostly on responsibility. JokeRace, a voting protocol that goals to make governance “enjoyable,” was designed with this aim in thoughts.
As a substitute of anticipating 1000’s of tokenholders to vote, JokeRace is exploring using incentivized “contests” that enable governors to gate voting proposals in any manner attainable through a extremely customizable allowlist, from a totally public discussion board to pick out DAO members. Co-founder Sean McCaffery tells Journal:
“Many DAO tasks wish to give non-financial utility to their token. What we’re doing is opening a horizon on high of easy token voting and incentivizing individuals to carry tokens for extra than simply speculative causes.”
“For a extremely technical proposal that wishes to attract on the knowledge of specialists or loyal followers, a creator can gate the vote round standards, akin to minimal liquidity provision for 3 months or holders who’ve held the token for a minimum of a 12 months. It permits the whole lot from low-commit enjoyable ‘GM contests’ to severe proposals the place solely energetic contributing DAO members can vote,” he provides.
In brief, JokeRace strives to reimagine governance proper right down to the underside social layer.
Delegate voting
To thwart low voter turnouts, DAOs are additionally turning to the actual world of public governance for knowledge. One such tried-and-true technique that has caught on prior to now 12 months is delegation, the place tokenholders entrust voting rights to delegated “politicians” or “stewards” who would vote on their behalf.
From a PR perspective, delegation is sweet in that DAOs get to have their cake and eat it, too. It permits the DAO to scale quicker with out having to move all selections by months of debate. DAOs additionally get to deflect the criticism of “inadequate decentralization” since tokenholders are technically expressing a demonstrated choice to vote, albeit not directly.
Most main DAOs as we speak have embraced delegation voting, and whereas it’s helped voter apathy to some extent, it’s hardly a silver bullet. Delegation voting in itself has surfaced with issues. As an illustration, delegation can descend right into a reputation contest the place voters merely assign tokens to fashionable Twitter influencers or acquainted firm names.
“An experiment that could possibly be price attempting is to have delegates vote particularly on their area experience quite than making them answerable for voting on each single DAO determination — which vary from complicated know-how to finance — too huge of a spread for sturdy determination making,” Kate Beecroft, governance lead at Centrifuge, tells Journal.
Furthermore, delegate voting suffers from apathy in itself. Delegates themselves don’t flip up on election day. In line with Karma’s analysis, a minimum of 53% of delegates in main DAOs have didn’t even forged a single vote. Or it might result in conditions the place voting selections are the results of collusion made behind closed doorways for mutual political achieve.
As an illustration, a16z famously delegates voting powers to “blockchain college golf equipment.” Whereas the enterprise fund claims that scholar golf equipment are “free to take part in governance nevertheless they see match,” it’s not instantly clear what the connection between these entities is.
Gitcoin founder Kevin Owocki insists that delegating voting is a step ahead for DAO governance but in addition acknowledges its shortcomings. Gitcoin launched a reasonably egalitarian airdrop to round 25,500 holders in 2021, however its determination to include delegate voting noticed a focus of voting energy again into the palms of solely about 100 delegates. On high of that, delegates cycle out and in of exercise over time, and even getting tokenholders to reallocate their delegation from inactive delegates each half a 12 months was tough.
“The issue that confronted us was preserving delegates engaged, accountable and slowly altering the DAO right into a liquid democracy of devoted Gitcoin neighborhood members that cared about our core imaginative and prescient of decentralized public funding,” Owocki states.
These issues are being acknowledged by builders within the DAO tooling, attempting to enhance delegate accountability. For instance, instruments like Karma have emerged to create transparency round delegation voting by aggregating all of the details about delegates, together with their voting weight, discussion board exercise and voting historical past, on one web page.
The DAOmeter dashboard, a DAO maturity score index by StableLab, additionally serves as a helpful DAO public good for assessing the decentralization journey of DAOs.
StableLab founder Gustav Arentoft tells Journal, “Through the bull market, numerous DeFi DAOs branding themselves as ‘decentralized finance’ suffered exploits as a result of they lacked even fundamental governance. The operational construction of those protocols was extraordinarily opaque. As a person, assessing the decentralization of DAOs was tough and requires some type of standardized parameters, which is what DAOmeter tries to supply.”
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In the end, regardless of the favored notion that DAOs are “autonomous,” the fact is that a lot of it may by no means be totally autonomous and enforceable on-chain.
“You may have all of the on-chain votes you’d like, however numerous DAO operations come right down to the social layer. Who owns the GitHub account? Who controls the DNS [domain name system]? Who’s in-charge of handing over a password to the elected personnel?” says JokeRace’s McCaffery.
Development
Whereas DAOs wrestle to decentralize, many appear to overlook that they’re nonetheless essentially profit-oriented organizations. That signifies that DAOs can’t afford to overlook about income and development.
To scale, DAOs centralize some decision-making within the palms of specialists. One fashionable concept prior to now 12 months that DAOs have been experimenting with is “working teams.” In DAO nomenclature, additionally they go by subDAOs. Metropolis (beforehand Orca Protocol) calls them pods. Maker calls them core items, and Gitcoin calls them workstreams.
These buildings resemble the ever-present M-shaped organizational buildings in trendy capitalism as we speak. Traditionally, the capitalist agency was a centralized U-shaped agency with decision-making energy concentrated within the palms of some high executives. Because the agency expanded into regional markets, it grew more and more incapable of managing the quickly rising scope of complicated administrative selections.
To stay nimble and adapt because the agency grew, the fashionable capitalist agency underwent a structural decentralization, empowering mid-level managers with the autonomy to run the native department as they deem match. Pioneered by Common Motors president Alfred Sloan within the Twenties, this significant organizational innovation allowed corporations to beat information issues and likewise aligned the incentives and rewards to decrease administration, successfully permitting them to work as “mini-entrepreneurs” inside a big company.
DAOs are witnessing the identical tendency towards an identical organizational construction, besides that it’s evolving bottom-up from a dispersed, decentralized established order.
James Waugh, co-founder of Hearth Eyes DAO, tells Journal, “In advising many DAOs, we generally suggest the setup of working teams to deal with sure areas which might be hypercritical, notably these involving technical work the place good contracts want well timed upgrading.”
“But it’s totally frequent for redundant working teams to exist and to be an entire waste of time, nevertheless. Whether or not or not they’re environment friendly actually relies on the sorts of individuals in them.”
Decentralization maxis additionally complain that too many working teams and managerial specialists may imply much less transparency over how DAOs function. It’s a grievance that isn’t fully with out advantage.
“Within the early days of Bankless DAO, many inner mission managers requested for funds then delivered work of questionable worth. We carried out quite a lot of options like reputational methods inside Discord, KPI-based funding and timelocks to discourage lease looking for,” Frogmonkee, an early core contributor of Bankless DAO, tells Journal.
In the end, DAO governance boils right down to the truth that DAOs are made up of a pluralistic archipelago of people with totally different worth preferences and priorities. Some want to pump their holdings within the short-term, whereas others have an interest within the long-term well being of the mission. Some are genuinely altruistic actors, after which there are delegates exchanging favors below the desk by agreeing to vote on one another’s proposals.
Twin governance buildings
In such a market of conflicting values, a transparent separation of powers may help foil potential insider collusion. Some DAOs are actively experimenting with such “twin governance” fashions, akin to Optimism’s “Token Home” and “Citizen Home.” OP tokenholders and delegates occupy the previous, whereas the latter is an identity-based neighborhood of “residents” with soulbound tokens that acts as a examine and stability on the Token Home.
Shawn Grubb, a delegate at Gitcoin, tells Journal, “Optimism’s experiment with bicameral homes is a brilliant approach to segregate the varied stakeholder teams: the tokenholders who care about pumping their baggage, the energetic contributors with a job, and the broader neighborhood who believes in Optimism and seeks mission funding. The secret is balancing the ability of various stakeholder teams quite than the plutocratic established order, the place plutocratic tokenholders reserve solely the ability.”
Optimism isn’t alone. In current months, a gaggle of Lido insiders have taken it upon themselves to push for the same dual-governance mannequin. The issue stems from Lido’s wildly profitable liquid staking product, stETH, which controls a market share of 32% staked ETH. This poses a looming menace to the underlying safety of the Ethereum layer 1, because it comes dangerously near the 33% consensus threshold, which might theoretically enable Lido to train management over Ethereum’s consensus layer. In June 2022, Lido DAO proved that self-regulation was not forthcoming after it unanimously shot down a vote to self-limit its stake movement.
Lido’s proposed twin governance construction would, in principle, convey the DAO again into alignment with the pursuits of the Ethereum protocol. That is finished by granting Lido customers (stETH holders) veto energy towards the DAO, a characteristic that competitor liquid staking protocol Yearn.finance has additionally carried out.
“For Lido, twin governance (and implementing staking routers) needs to be its subsequent logical steps. It alleviates lots of the present considerations across the DAO,” stated Hasu on the Bell Curve podcast.
Discovering a stability
In sum, DAO governance isn’t straightforward. Driving development whereas committing to decentralization is not any small feat, and it’ll take a few years earlier than governance reaches equilibrium.
But the philosophical rules that blockchain organizations embody — decentralization, transparency, egalitarianism — are all values very a lot price striving for. In any case, it’s extraordinary for a multimillion-dollar firm within the conventional enterprise world to be debating operational methods overtly on a discussion board or that permits anybody to enter and start contributing with out going by a tedious interview course of.
Even in its imperfect state, the open and clear context during which DAOs function is maybe the largest bulwark towards the centralization of energy.
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